Factors affecting nucleophilic substitution
) because halogens are more electronegative than carbon. This makes the carbon atom susceptible to attack by —species that donate an electron pair to form a new covalent bond. A. Reaction with Aqueous NaOH (Hydrolysis) Reagent: Sodium hydroxide ( NaOHcap N a cap O cap H ) or Potassium hydroxide ( KOHcap K cap O cap H Conditions: Aqueous, warm/under reflux. Nucleophile: OH−cap O cap H raised to the negative power Product: Alcohol. Equation: reactions of halogenoalkanes 1 chemsheets answers exclusive
: These reactions occur in a single step and involve the simultaneous removal of a leaving group and a proton, resulting in the formation of an alkene. extending the carbon chain.
The following section details the standard reactions students are required to write equations for in the resource. reactions of halogenoalkanes 1 chemsheets answers exclusive
This is a vital reaction because it . Reagent: KCNcap K cap C cap N in ethanol/water mixture. Conditions: Heat under reflux. Nucleophile: Product: Nitrile. Equation:
: Produces a nitrile , extending the carbon chain. With excess ammonia ( NH3cap N cap H sub 3 ) : Produces a primary amine .