This area examines allele and genotype frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and how forces like natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow impact populations.

: Learn to calculate the distance between genes (in centiMorgans or cM). A recombination fraction of 50% generally suggests genes are on different chromosomes or very far apart. Three-Point Crosses

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: Use tools like Jungle Blog to create flashcards or visual diagrams for terms such as epistasis and genetic drift.

: Be able to track traits that appear more frequently in one biological sex due to their location on the X chromosome.

Explanation: Selection favors the intermediate phenotype and eliminates extremes.