To address canine anxiety, veterinarians and animal behaviorists might use a combination of:

The integration of animal behavior into veterinary science has numerous practical applications, including:

I kneel. I don’t reach for him. Instead, I watch his pupils. Dilated, but the room is bright. That’s not fear—it’s arousal. Constant, low-grade alert. I ask the owner, “Has anything changed at home? New furniture? New schedule?”

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