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| | Low-Quality Problem | Top-Tier Problem | | --- | --- | --- | | Mathematical demand | Algebra and basic trigonometry. | ODEs, line integrals, elliptic integrals, or complex residues. | | Conceptual depth | One formula, one answer. | Three layers: set up, solve, analyze limiting cases. | | Time-to-solve | <30 minutes for a finalist. | >1 hour for a provincial gold medalist. |

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: Ensure the PDF is sourced from a reputable training camp (like the Peking University or Tsinghua University training materials). If you'd like, I can help you: Find specific years of the CPhO Finals Translate a specific problem from a Chinese PDF Recommend books that mirror the CPhO style | | Low-Quality Problem | Top-Tier Problem |

, the external mechanical torque must counteract any change in energy or angular momentum: | Three layers: set up, solve, analyze limiting cases